爬虫入门实战2：动态数据提取

在爬虫入门实战1中，我们学习了如何从静态网页中提取数据。这一节，我们将探索动态网页的数据提取，这是爬虫技术中更为高级也更为常见的一个环节。

什么是动态网页

动态网页与静态网页不同，其内容是可以根据用户操作、请求参数或者是服务器端的数据变化而变化的。动态网页的内容通常是通过客户端的JavaScrip发起异步请求，由服务端动态返回的数据（json、html）

动态网页工作原理

动态网页的数据加载通常有两种方式：

客户端渲染：当用户访问一个网页时，服务器只发送HTML框架和JavaScript代码。浏览器执行JavaScript代码，这些代码会向服务器发送请求，获取数据，然后动态地更新页面内容。
服务器端渲染：服务器根据请求的不同，动态生成HTML内容发送给客户端。客户端接收到完整的HTML页面，直接渲染显示。

爬取动态网页需要的技术

理解AJAX和API请求：动态网页往往通过AJAX请求获取数据，了解这一点对于数据提取至关重要。
使用浏览器开发者工具：通过分析网络请求，找出数据加载的具体过程。
使用适合动态网页的请求库，如requests、httpx、aiohttp等。
使用适合动态网页的驱动库，如Selenium、Puppeteer、Playwirght等，模拟浏览器行为获取数据。
学习JavaScript基础，有助于理解网页是如何动态加载数据的。

实战示例1：爬取雅虎财经网站的数字加密货币数据

任务需求描述

目标站点URL：https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto 爬取目标站点所有数字货币的数据，请使用API请求，不要用模拟浏览器驱动的方式

数据保存示例

技术可行性分析

这是一个典型的异步加载方式，当点击翻页时，浏览器整个页面并没有完整刷新，而是加密货币这个表格动态更新（局部页面变化），那么这一种就是上面说的动态数据提取的应用示例，接下来一步步的去研究这种页面我们该如何去分析与抓取。

如何找到动态数据请求的API

先开F12，选中XHR, 打开上面的目标页面 https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto 找到表格，点击下面的Next翻页，随便找一个表格中的数据，在搜索栏目搜索结果点击搜出来的结果，找到响应信息与表格中的数据对比，我们就能找到这个表格发起的API请求了。 请求信息响应信息

接口信息 API URL ：https://query1.finance.yahoo.com/v1/finance/screener?crumb=UllRf10isbP&lang=en-US&region=US&formatted=true&corsDomain=finance.yahoo.com

API Payload参数：

json

{
    "offset": 25,
    "size": 25,
    "sortType": "DESC",
    "sortField": "intradaymarketcap",
    "quoteType": "CRYPTOCURRENCY",
    "query": {
        "operator": "and",
        "operands": [
            {
                "operator": "eq",
                "operands": [
                    "currency",
                    "USD"
                ]
            },
            {
                "operator": "eq",
                "operands": [
                    "exchange",
                    "CCC"
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    "userId": "",
    "userIdType": "guid"
}

API JSON 响应数据：

json

{"finance":{"result":[{"start":25,"count":25,"total":9590,"quotes":[{"symbol":"LEO-USD","twoHundredDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":0.3492519,"fmt":"34.93%"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChangePercent":{"raw":0.723356,"fmt":"72.34%"},"language":"en-US","circulatingSupply":{"raw":926734208,"fmt":"926.734M","longFmt":"926,734,208"},"regularMarketDayRange":{"raw":"5.749683 - 5.805499","fmt":"5.75 - 5.81"},"regularMarketDayHigh":{"raw":5.805499,"fmt":"5.8055"},"twoHundredDayAverageChange":{"raw":1.4961,"fmt":"1.50"},"fromCurrency":"LEO","twoHundredDayAverage":{"raw":4.2837276,"fmt":"4.28"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChange":{"raw":-0.41321325,"fmt":"-0.41"},"marketCap":{"raw":5356364288,"fmt":"5.356B","longFmt":"5,356,364,288"},"fiftyTwoWeekRange":{"raw":"3.353821 - 6.193041","fmt":"3.35 - 6.19"},"lastMarket":"CoinMarketCap","fiftyDayAverageChange":{"raw":0.4148121,"fmt":"0.41"},"exchangeDataDelayedBy":0,"firstTradeDateMilliseconds":1558396800000,"averageDailyVolume3Month":{"raw":1734485,"fmt":"1.734M","longFmt":"1,734,485"},"fiftyTwoWeekChangePercent":{"raw":70.58434,"fmt":"70.58%"},"hasPrePostMarketData":false,"logoUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/3957.png","fiftyTwoWeekLow":{"raw":3.353821,"fmt":"3.3538"},"market":"ccc_market","regularMarketVolume":{"raw":1449610,"fmt":"1.45M","longFmt":"1,449,610"},"quoteSourceName":"CoinMarketCap","messageBoardId":"finmb_LEO_CCC","toCurrency":"USD=X","priceHint":4,"exchange":"CCC","regularMarketDayLow":{"raw":5.749683,"fmt":"5.7497"},"sourceInterval":15,"shortName":"UNUS SED LEO USD","region":"US","fiftyDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":0.07731797,"fmt":"7.73%"},"startDate":{"raw":1558396800,"fmt":"2019-05-21","longFmt":"2019-05-21T00:00"},"fullExchangeName":"CCC","coinImageUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/3957.png","gmtOffSetMilliseconds":0,"regularMarketOpen":{"raw":5.7544484,"fmt":"5.7544"},"regularMarketTime":{"raw":1712472180,"fmt":"6:43AM UTC"},"regularMarketChangePercent":{"raw":0.43590158,"fmt":"0.44%"},"quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","averageDailyVolume10Day":{"raw":2705202,"fmt":"2.705M","longFmt":"2,705,202"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChange":{"raw":2.4260066,"fmt":"2.43"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChangePercent":{"raw":-0.06672219,"fmt":"-6.67%"},"typeDisp":"Cryptocurrency","tradeable":false,"currency":"USD","fiftyTwoWeekHigh":{"raw":6.193041,"fmt":"6.1930"},"regularMarketPreviousClose":{"raw":5.7544484,"fmt":"5.7544"},"exchangeTimezoneName":"UTC","volume24Hr":{"raw":1449610,"fmt":"1.45M","longFmt":"1,449,610"},"coinMarketCapLink":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/unus-sed-leo","regularMarketChange":{"raw":0.025084972,"fmt":"0.0251"},"volumeAllCurrencies":{"raw":1449610,"fmt":"1.45M","longFmt":"1,449,610"},"cryptoTradeable":false,"fiftyDayAverage":{"raw":5.3650155,"fmt":"5.37"},"exchangeTimezoneShortName":"UTC","customPriceAlertConfidence":"LOW","regularMarketPrice":{"raw":5.7798276,"fmt":"5.7798"},"marketState":"REGULAR","triggerable":false,"longName":"UNUS SED LEO USD"},{"symbol":"DAI-USD","twoHundredDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":-0.0000920926,"fmt":"-0.01%"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChangePercent":{"raw":0.008586944,"fmt":"0.86%"},"language":"en-US","circulatingSupply":{"raw":5347888640,"fmt":"5.348B","longFmt":"5,347,888,640"},"regularMarketDayRange":{"raw":"0.9998707 - 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0.14239673","fmt":"0.14 - 0.14"},"regularMarketDayHigh":{"raw":0.14239673,"fmt":"0.142397"},"twoHundredDayAverageChange":{"raw":0.031400435,"fmt":"0.03"},"fromCurrency":"KAS","twoHundredDayAverage":{"raw":0.1082846,"fmt":"0.11"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChange":{"raw":-0.04971297,"fmt":"-0.05"},"marketCap":{"raw":3248963584,"fmt":"3.249B","longFmt":"3,248,963,584"},"fiftyTwoWeekRange":{"raw":"0.01204 - 0.189398","fmt":"0.01 - 0.19"},"lastMarket":"CoinMarketCap","fiftyDayAverageChange":{"raw":-0.011030152,"fmt":"-0.01"},"exchangeDataDelayedBy":0,"firstTradeDateMilliseconds":1654041600000,"averageDailyVolume3Month":{"raw":56953374,"fmt":"56.953M","longFmt":"56,953,374"},"fiftyTwoWeekChangePercent":{"raw":283.2872,"fmt":"283.29%"},"hasPrePostMarketData":false,"logoUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/20396.png","fiftyTwoWeekLow":{"raw":0.01204,"fmt":"0.012040"},"market":"ccc_market","regularMarketVolume":{"raw":57611256,"fmt":"57.611M","longFmt":"57,611,256"},"quoteSourceName":"CoinMarketCap","messageBoardId":"finmb_KAS_CCC","toCurrency":"USD=X","priceHint":6,"exchange":"CCC","regularMarketDayLow":{"raw":0.1391877,"fmt":"0.139188"},"sourceInterval":15,"shortName":"Kaspa USD","region":"US","fiftyDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":-0.07318541,"fmt":"-7.32%"},"startDate":{"raw":1654041600,"fmt":"2022-06-01","longFmt":"2022-06-01T00:00"},"fullExchangeName":"CCC","coinImageUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/20396.png","gmtOffSetMilliseconds":0,"regularMarketOpen":{"raw":0.14155312,"fmt":"0.141553"},"regularMarketTime":{"raw":1712472180,"fmt":"6:43AM UTC"},"regularMarketChangePercent":{"raw":6.7005963,"fmt":"6.70%"},"quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","averageDailyVolume10Day":{"raw":57368712,"fmt":"57.369M","longFmt":"57,368,712"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChange":{"raw":0.12764503,"fmt":"0.13"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChangePercent":{"raw":-0.26247886,"fmt":"-26.25%"},"typeDisp":"Cryptocurrency","tradeable":false,"currency":"USD","fiftyTwoWeekHigh":{"raw":0.189398,"fmt":"0.189398"},"regularMarketPreviousClose":{"raw":0.14155312,"fmt":"0.141553"},"exchangeTimezoneName":"UTC","volume24Hr":{"raw":57611256,"fmt":"57.611M","longFmt":"57,611,256"},"coinMarketCapLink":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/kaspa","regularMarketChange":{"raw":0.008771956,"fmt":"0.008772"},"volumeAllCurrencies":{"raw":57611256,"fmt":"57.611M","longFmt":"57,611,256"},"cryptoTradeable":false,"fiftyDayAverage":{"raw":0.15071519,"fmt":"0.15"},"exchangeTimezoneShortName":"UTC","customPriceAlertConfidence":"LOW","regularMarketPrice":{"raw":0.13968503,"fmt":"0.139685"},"marketState":"REGULAR","triggerable":false,"longName":"Kaspa USD"},{"symbol":"GRT6719-USD","twoHundredDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":0.7782575,"fmt":"77.83%"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChangePercent":{"raw":3.4020288,"fmt":"340.20%"},"language":"en-US","circulatingSupply":{"raw":9457024000,"fmt":"9.457B","longFmt":"9,457,024,000"},"regularMarketDayRange":{"raw":"0.33469263 - 0.34088308","fmt":"0.33 - 0.34"},"regularMarketDayHigh":{"raw":0.34088308,"fmt":"0.340883"},"twoHundredDayAverageChange":{"raw":0.14792672,"fmt":"0.15"},"fromCurrency":"GRT6719","twoHundredDayAverage":{"raw":0.19007427,"fmt":"0.19"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChange":{"raw":-0.15444702,"fmt":"-0.15"},"marketCap":{"raw":3196483328,"fmt":"3.196B","longFmt":"3,196,483,328"},"fiftyTwoWeekRange":{"raw":"0.076783 - 0.492448","fmt":"0.08 - 0.49"},"lastMarket":"CoinMarketCap","fiftyDayAverageChange":{"raw":-0.006714672,"fmt":"-0.01"},"exchangeDataDelayedBy":0,"firstTradeDateMilliseconds":1608249600000,"averageDailyVolume3Month":{"raw":183027984,"fmt":"183.028M","longFmt":"183,027,984"},"fiftyTwoWeekChangePercent":{"raw":130.87735,"fmt":"130.88%"},"hasPrePostMarketData":false,"logoUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/6719.png","fiftyTwoWeekLow":{"raw":0.076783,"fmt":"0.076783"},"market":"ccc_market","regularMarketVolume":{"raw":73226944,"fmt":"73.227M","longFmt":"73,226,944"},"quoteSourceName":"CoinMarketCap","messageBoardId":"finmb_GRT6719_CCC","toCurrency":"USD=X","priceHint":6,"exchange":"CCC","regularMarketDayLow":{"raw":0.33469263,"fmt":"0.334693"},"sourceInterval":15,"shortName":"The Graph USD","region":"US","fiftyDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":-0.01947887,"fmt":"-1.95%"},"startDate":{"raw":1608163200,"fmt":"2020-12-17","longFmt":"2020-12-17T00:00"},"fullExchangeName":"CCC","coinImageUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/6719.png","gmtOffSetMilliseconds":0,"regularMarketOpen":{"raw":0.33796522,"fmt":"0.337965"},"regularMarketTime":{"raw":1712472240,"fmt":"6:44AM UTC"},"regularMarketChangePercent":{"raw":0.33841732,"fmt":"0.34%"},"quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","averageDailyVolume10Day":{"raw":141290715,"fmt":"141.291M","longFmt":"141,290,715"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChange":{"raw":0.26121798,"fmt":"0.26"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChangePercent":{"raw":-0.31363112,"fmt":"-31.36%"},"typeDisp":"Cryptocurrency","tradeable":false,"currency":"USD","fiftyTwoWeekHigh":{"raw":0.492448,"fmt":"0.492448"},"regularMarketPreviousClose":{"raw":0.33796522,"fmt":"0.337965"},"exchangeTimezoneName":"UTC","volume24Hr":{"raw":73226944,"fmt":"73.227M","longFmt":"73,226,944"},"coinMarketCapLink":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/the-graph","regularMarketChange":{"raw":0.0011400282,"fmt":"0.001140"},"volumeAllCurrencies":{"raw":73226944,"fmt":"73.227M","longFmt":"73,226,944"},"cryptoTradeable":false,"fiftyDayAverage":{"raw":0.34471565,"fmt":"0.34"},"exchangeTimezoneShortName":"UTC","customPriceAlertConfidence":"LOW","regularMarketPrice":{"raw":0.33800098,"fmt":"0.338001"},"marketState":"REGULAR","triggerable":false,"longName":"The Graph USD"},{"symbol":"WBETH-USD","twoHundredDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":0.41419977,"fmt":"41.42%"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChangePercent":{"raw":1.2579154,"fmt":"125.79%"},"language":"en-US","circulatingSupply":{"raw":896181,"fmt":"896,181","longFmt":"896,181"},"regularMarketDayRange":{"raw":"3461.9077 - 3517.2964","fmt":"3,461.91 - 3,517.30"},"regularMarketDayHigh":{"raw":3517.2964,"fmt":"3,517.30"},"twoHundredDayAverageChange":{"raw":1026.603,"fmt":"1,026.60"},"fromCurrency":"WBETH","twoHundredDayAverage":{"raw":2478.5215,"fmt":"2,478.52"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChange":{"raw":-714.65674,"fmt":"-714.66"},"marketCap":{"raw":3141227264,"fmt":"3.141B","longFmt":"3,141,227,264"},"fiftyTwoWeekRange":{"raw":"1552.372 - 4219.7812","fmt":"1,552.37 - 4,219.78"},"lastMarket":"CoinMarketCap","fiftyDayAverageChange":{"raw":-37.50171,"fmt":"-37.50"},"exchangeDataDelayedBy":0,"firstTradeDateMilliseconds":1682553600000,"averageDailyVolume3Month":{"raw":10433138,"fmt":"10.433M","longFmt":"10,433,138"},"fiftyTwoWeekChangePercent":{"raw":80.083275,"fmt":"80.08%"},"hasPrePostMarketData":false,"logoUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/24760.png","fiftyTwoWeekLow":{"raw":1552.372,"fmt":"1,552.37"},"market":"ccc_market","regularMarketVolume":{"raw":5594363,"fmt":"5.594M","longFmt":"5,594,363"},"quoteSourceName":"CoinMarketCap","messageBoardId":"finmb_WBETH_CCC","toCurrency":"USD=X","priceHint":2,"exchange":"CCC","regularMarketDayLow":{"raw":3461.9077,"fmt":"3,461.91"},"sourceInterval":15,"shortName":"Wrapped Beacon ETH USD","region":"US","fiftyDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":-0.01058585,"fmt":"-1.06%"},"startDate":{"raw":1682553600,"fmt":"2023-04-27","longFmt":"2023-04-27T00:00"},"fullExchangeName":"CCC","coinImageUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/24760.png","gmtOffSetMilliseconds":0,"regularMarketOpen":{"raw":3468.1677,"fmt":"3,468.17"},"regularMarketTime":{"raw":1712472240,"fmt":"6:44AM UTC"},"regularMarketChangePercent":{"raw":1.368381,"fmt":"1.37%"},"quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","averageDailyVolume10Day":{"raw":11274314,"fmt":"11.274M","longFmt":"11,274,314"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChange":{"raw":1952.7526,"fmt":"1,952.75"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChangePercent":{"raw":-0.16935872,"fmt":"-16.94%"},"typeDisp":"Cryptocurrency","tradeable":false,"currency":"USD","fiftyTwoWeekHigh":{"raw":4219.7812,"fmt":"4,219.78"},"regularMarketPreviousClose":{"raw":3468.1677,"fmt":"3,468.17"},"exchangeTimezoneName":"UTC","volume24Hr":{"raw":5594363,"fmt":"5.594M","longFmt":"5,594,363"},"coinMarketCapLink":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/wrapped-beacon-eth","regularMarketChange":{"raw":47.315918,"fmt":"47.32"},"volumeAllCurrencies":{"raw":5594363,"fmt":"5.594M","longFmt":"5,594,363"},"cryptoTradeable":false,"fiftyDayAverage":{"raw":3542.6262,"fmt":"3,542.63"},"exchangeTimezoneShortName":"UTC","customPriceAlertConfidence":"LOW","regularMarketPrice":{"raw":3505.1245,"fmt":"3,505.12"},"marketState":"REGULAR","triggerable":false,"longName":"Wrapped Beacon ETH USD"},{"symbol":"VET-USD","twoHundredDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":0.4126733,"fmt":"41.27%"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChangePercent":{"raw":2.0983825,"fmt":"209.84%"},"language":"en-US","circulatingSupply":{"raw":72714518528,"fmt":"72.715B","longFmt":"72,714,518,528"},"regularMarketDayRange":{"raw":"0.0415329 - 0.0423879","fmt":"0.04 - 0.04"},"regularMarketDayHigh":{"raw":0.0423879,"fmt":"0.042388"},"twoHundredDayAverageChange":{"raw":0.012340222,"fmt":"0.01"},"fromCurrency":"VET","twoHundredDayAverage":{"raw":0.029903125,"fmt":"0.03"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChange":{"raw":-0.012521654,"fmt":"-0.01"},"marketCap":{"raw":3071704576,"fmt":"3.072B","longFmt":"3,071,704,576"},"fiftyTwoWeekRange":{"raw":"0.013634 - 0.054765","fmt":"0.01 - 0.05"},"lastMarket":"CoinMarketCap","fiftyDayAverageChange":{"raw":-0.0030377544,"fmt":"-0.00"},"exchangeDataDelayedBy":0,"firstTradeDateMilliseconds":1533254400000,"averageDailyVolume3Month":{"raw":96822589,"fmt":"96.823M","longFmt":"96,822,589"},"fiftyTwoWeekChangePercent":{"raw":65.850655,"fmt":"65.85%"},"hasPrePostMarketData":false,"logoUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/3077.png","fiftyTwoWeekLow":{"raw":0.013634,"fmt":"0.013634"},"market":"ccc_market","regularMarketVolume":{"raw":44366416,"fmt":"44.366M","longFmt":"44,366,416"},"quoteSourceName":"CoinMarketCap","messageBoardId":"finmb_VET_CCC","toCurrency":"USD=X","priceHint":6,"exchange":"CCC","regularMarketDayLow":{"raw":0.0415329,"fmt":"0.041533"},"sourceInterval":15,"shortName":"VeChain USD","region":"US","fiftyDayAverageChangePercent":{"raw":-0.067086585,"fmt":"-6.71%"},"startDate":{"raw":1503360000,"fmt":"2017-08-22","longFmt":"2017-08-22T00:00"},"fullExchangeName":"CCC","coinImageUrl":"https://s2.coinmarketcap.com/static/img/coins/64x64/3077.png","gmtOffSetMilliseconds":0,"regularMarketOpen":{"raw":0.0415329,"fmt":"0.041533"},"regularMarketTime":{"raw":1712472180,"fmt":"6:43AM UTC"},"regularMarketChangePercent":{"raw":3.662547,"fmt":"3.66%"},"quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","averageDailyVolume10Day":{"raw":83342891,"fmt":"83.343M","longFmt":"83,342,891"},"fiftyTwoWeekLowChange":{"raw":0.028609347,"fmt":"0.03"},"fiftyTwoWeekHighChangePercent":{"raw":-0.22864337,"fmt":"-22.86%"},"typeDisp":"Cryptocurrency","tradeable":false,"currency":"USD","fiftyTwoWeekHigh":{"raw":0.054765,"fmt":"0.054765"},"regularMarketPreviousClose":{"raw":0.0415329,"fmt":"0.041533"},"exchangeTimezoneName":"UTC","volume24Hr":{"raw":44366416,"fmt":"44.366M","longFmt":"44,366,416"},"coinMarketCapLink":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/vechain","regularMarketChange":{"raw":0.0014925189,"fmt":"0.001493"},"volumeAllCurrencies":{"raw":44366416,"fmt":"44.366M","longFmt":"44,366,416"},"cryptoTradeable":false,"fiftyDayAverage":{"raw":0.0452811,"fmt":"0.05"},"exchangeTimezoneShortName":"UTC","customPriceAlertConfidence":"LOW","regularMarketPrice":{"raw":0.042243347,"fmt":"0.042243"},"marketState":"REGULAR","triggerable":false,"longName":"VeChain USD"}],"useRecords":false}],"error":null}  }

也可以在chrome浏览器复制该请求的curl命令：

shell

curl 'https://query1.finance.yahoo.com/v1/finance/screener?crumb=UllRf10isbP&lang=en-US&region=US&formatted=true&corsDomain=finance.yahoo.com' \
  -H 'accept: */*' \
  -H 'accept-language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9' \
  -H 'content-type: application/json' \
  -H 'cookie: GUC=AQEBCAFmDYVmOUIdcARM&s=AQAAANxlE2ny&g=Zgw0yA; A1=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; A3=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; axids=gam=y-lf5u4KlE2uJWDQYbXyUTkKMC2GVH7OUj~A&dv360=eS1XSElPM3l4RTJ1SHVVV3hNZVBDeG9aTDlDYXdaQ1dPNX5B&ydsp=y-_wiZU4RE2uIAxUbGalyjvJCoR6Le9iVT~A&tbla=y-gt2Wyc1E2uI4nvAYanhnPTMrhn4c3edZ~A; tbla_id=fde33964-c427-4b9c-b849-90a304938e21-tuctb84a272; A1S=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; cmp=t=1712472060&j=0&u=1YNN; gpp=DBABBg~BVoIgACA.QA; gpp_sid=8' \
  -H 'origin: https://finance.yahoo.com' \
  -H 'referer: https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto?count=25&offset=0' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="123", "Not:A-Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="123"' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-platform: "macOS"' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-dest: empty' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-mode: cors' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-site: same-site' \
  -H 'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36' \
  --data-raw '{"offset":0,"size":25,"sortType":"DESC","sortField":"intradaymarketcap","quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","query":{"operator":"and","operands":[{"operator":"eq","operands":["currency","USD"]},{"operator":"eq","operands":["exchange","CCC"]}]},"userId":"","userIdType":"guid"}'

可以在谷歌搜索curl to python request工具，可以把上面的curl命令直接转成python代码，方便调试

转成的python request 代码请求示例

python

import requests

cookies = {
    'GUC': 'AQEBCAFmDYVmOUIdcARM&s=AQAAANxlE2ny&g=Zgw0yA',
    'A1': 'd=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI',
    'A3': 'd=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI',
    'axids': 'gam=y-lf5u4KlE2uJWDQYbXyUTkKMC2GVH7OUj~A&dv360=eS1XSElPM3l4RTJ1SHVVV3hNZVBDeG9aTDlDYXdaQ1dPNX5B&ydsp=y-_wiZU4RE2uIAxUbGalyjvJCoR6Le9iVT~A&tbla=y-gt2Wyc1E2uI4nvAYanhnPTMrhn4c3edZ~A',
    'tbla_id': 'fde33964-c427-4b9c-b849-90a304938e21-tuctb84a272',
    'A1S': 'd=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI',
    'cmp': 't=1712472060&j=0&u=1YNN',
    'gpp': 'DBABBg~BVoIgACA.QA',
    'gpp_sid': '8',
}

headers = {
    'accept': '*/*',
    'accept-language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
    'content-type': 'application/json',
    # 'cookie': 'GUC=AQEBCAFmDYVmOUIdcARM&s=AQAAANxlE2ny&g=Zgw0yA; A1=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; A3=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; axids=gam=y-lf5u4KlE2uJWDQYbXyUTkKMC2GVH7OUj~A&dv360=eS1XSElPM3l4RTJ1SHVVV3hNZVBDeG9aTDlDYXdaQ1dPNX5B&ydsp=y-_wiZU4RE2uIAxUbGalyjvJCoR6Le9iVT~A&tbla=y-gt2Wyc1E2uI4nvAYanhnPTMrhn4c3edZ~A; tbla_id=fde33964-c427-4b9c-b849-90a304938e21-tuctb84a272; A1S=d=AQABBBB0fGQCEKnzzPnIHq8Lm4HEj-GCp50FEgEBCAGFDWY5Zliia3sB_eMBAAcIEHR8ZOGCp50&S=AQAAAgF-nCWw8AxSZ-gyIaeg4aI; cmp=t=1712472060&j=0&u=1YNN; gpp=DBABBg~BVoIgACA.QA; gpp_sid=8',
    'origin': 'https://finance.yahoo.com',
    'referer': 'https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto?count=25&offset=0',
    'sec-ch-ua': '"Google Chrome";v="123", "Not:A-Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="123"',
    'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
    'sec-ch-ua-platform': '"macOS"',
    'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
    'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
    'sec-fetch-site': 'same-site',
    'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
}

params = {
    'crumb': 'UllRf10isbP',
    'lang': 'en-US',
    'region': 'US',
    'formatted': 'true',
    'corsDomain': 'finance.yahoo.com',
}

json_data = {
    'offset': 0,
    'size': 25,
    'sortType': 'DESC',
    'sortField': 'intradaymarketcap',
    'quoteType': 'CRYPTOCURRENCY',
    'query': {
        'operator': 'and',
        'operands': [
            {
                'operator': 'eq',
                'operands': [
                    'currency',
                    'USD',
                ],
            },
            {
                'operator': 'eq',
                'operands': [
                    'exchange',
                    'CCC',
                ],
            },
        ],
    },
    'userId': '',
    'userIdType': 'guid',
}

response = requests.post(
    'https://query1.finance.yahoo.com/v1/finance/screener',
    params=params,
    cookies=cookies,
    headers=headers,
    json=json_data,
)

# Note: json_data will not be serialized by requests
# exactly as it was in the original request.
#data = '{"offset":0,"size":25,"sortType":"DESC","sortField":"intradaymarketcap","quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","query":{"operator":"and","operands":[{"operator":"eq","operands":["currency","USD"]},{"operator":"eq","operands":["exchange","CCC"]}]},"userId":"","userIdType":"guid"}'
#response = requests.post(
#    'https://query1.finance.yahoo.com/v1/finance/screener',
#    params=params,
#    cookies=cookies,
#    headers=headers,
#    data=data,
#)

请求参数和响应数据分析

请求参数

json

{"offset":0,"size":25,"sortType":"DESC","sortField":"intradaymarketcap","quoteType":"CRYPTOCURRENCY","query":{"operator":"and","operands":[{"operator":"eq","operands":["currency","USD"]},{"operator":"eq","operands":["exchange","CCC"]}]},"userId":"","userIdType":"guid"}

主要看offset、size这两个参数，这在ajax动态分页的请求中是最常见的，一般情况下 offset表示数据的分页的起始位置，size表示分页的每一次数据（步长）。

我们在页面中点击下一页，看看这两个参数有什么变化。从下面的截图中可以得知，如果我们想要下一页的数据，offset + 25， size不变

变化情况 offset size
第一次请求 0 - 25
第二次请求 25 - 25
第三次请求 50 - 25
...

相当于新的起始位置参数offset 等于上一次的offset + size.

响应数据 我们要的是每个币种的数据，从下面的响应json中能看见币中数据存在了quotes中

那现在基本就完事了，分页参数有了，响应数据有了

如何提取我们要的目标数据

这一块原本我是想给大家推荐一个jsonpath的提取工具，但是发现会增加大家的学习成本，就先不讲了，感兴趣的朋友可以去了解一下。

这个提取jsonpath 提取json数据很方便。你可以理解把它为xpath一样的工具，xpath主要是解析xml/html, jsonpath主要是提取json。

好了，言归正传，我们还是用python的内置类型来提取把。

响应数据是json格式，如何转变成python里面的数据格式呢，大多数人都知道用json.loads()方法，但是这个一步到底是在干什么？

json.loads()方法的核心作用是将JSON格式的字符串“翻译”为Python中的数据结构，使得程序可以方便地访问和操作这些数据。这个过程包括了解析、类型转换和构建数据结构等步骤，是数据处理和Web开发中不可或缺的一环。

这一过程叫做json数据的反序列化, 什么是序列化什么是反序列化，大家可以在问下GPT助手，或者谷歌搜索一下。

简易流程图

代码实现

依赖库安装

shell

# 同步代码安装依赖
pip install requests

# 异步代码安装依赖
pip install httpx
pip install aiofiles

requests版本

源代码在源代码/爬虫入门/09_爬虫入门实战2_动态数据提取/002_源码实现_同步版本.py

python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Author  : relakkes@gmail.com
# @Name    : 程序员阿江-Relakkes
# @Time    : 2024/4/7 17:07
# @Desc    : https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto页面的加密货币表格数据
# @Desc    : 下面的代码请挂全局的科学上网工具再跑
import csv
import random
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Any

import requests

from common import SymbolContent, make_req_params_and_headers

HOST = "https://query1.finance.yahoo.com"
SYMBOL_QUERY_API_URI = "/v1/finance/screener"
PAGE_SIZE = 100  # 可选配置（25, 50, 100）


def parse_symbol_content(quote_item: Dict) -> SymbolContent:
    """
    数据提取
    :param quote_item:
    :return:
    """
    symbol_content = SymbolContent()
    symbol_content.symbol = quote_item["symbol"]
    symbol_content.name = quote_item["shortName"]
    symbol_content.price = quote_item["regularMarketPrice"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.change_price = quote_item["regularMarketChange"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.change_percent = quote_item["regularMarketChangePercent"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.market_price = quote_item["marketCap"]["fmt"]
    return symbol_content


def fetch_currency_data_list(max_total_count: int) -> List[SymbolContent]:
    """

    :param max_total_count:
    :return:
    """
    symbol_data_list: List[SymbolContent] = []
    page_start = 0
    while page_start <= max_total_count:
        response_dict: Dict = send_request(page_start=page_start, page_size=PAGE_SIZE)
        for quote in response_dict["finance"]["result"][0]["quotes"]:
            parsed_content: SymbolContent = parse_symbol_content(quote)
            print(parsed_content)
            symbol_data_list.append(parsed_content)
        page_start += PAGE_SIZE
        time.sleep(random.Random().random())
    return symbol_data_list


def send_request(page_start: int, page_size: int) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """
    公共的发送请求的函数
    :param page_start: 分页起始位置
    :param page_size: 每一页的长度
    :return:
    """
    print(f"[send_request] page_start:{page_start}")
    req_url = HOST + SYMBOL_QUERY_API_URI
    common_params, headers, common_payload_data = make_req_params_and_headers()
    # 修改分页变动参数
    common_payload_data["offset"] = page_start
    common_payload_data["size"] = page_size

    response = requests.post(url=req_url, params=common_params, json=common_payload_data, headers=headers)
    if response.status_code != 200:
        raise Exception("发起请求是发生异常，请求发生错误，原因:", response.text)
    try:
        response_dict: Dict = response.json()
        return response_dict
    except Exception as e:
        raise e


def get_max_total_count() -> int:
    """
    获取所有币种总数量
    :return:
    """
    print("开始获取最大的币种数量")
    try:
        response_dict: Dict = send_request(page_start=0, page_size=PAGE_SIZE)
        total_num: int = response_dict["finance"]["result"][0]["total"]
        print(f"获取到 {total_num} 种币种")
        return total_num
    except Exception as e:
        print("错误信息：", e)
        return 0


def save_data_to_csv(save_file_name: str, currency_data_list: List[SymbolContent]) -> None:
    """
    保存数据存储到CSV文件中
    :param save_file_name: 保存的文件名
    :param currency_data_list:
    :return:
    """
    with open(save_file_name, mode='w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        writer = csv.writer(file)
        # 写入标题行
        writer.writerow(SymbolContent.get_fields())
        # 遍历数据列表，并将每个币种的名称写入CSV
        for symbol in currency_data_list:
            writer.writerow([symbol.symbol, symbol.name, symbol.price, symbol.change_price, symbol.change_percent,
                             symbol.market_price])


def run_crawler(save_file_name: str) -> None:
    """
    爬虫主流程
    :param save_file_name:
    :return:
    """
    # step1 获取最大数据总量
    max_total: int = get_max_total_count()
    # step2 遍历每一夜数据并解析存储到数据容器中
    data_list: List[SymbolContent] = fetch_currency_data_list(max_total)
    # step3 将数据容器中的数据保存csv
    save_data_to_csv(save_file_name, data_list)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    timestamp = int(time.time())
    save_csv_file_name = f"symbol_data_{timestamp}.csv"
    run_crawler(save_csv_file_name)

httpx + aiofiles版本

源代码在源代码/爬虫入门/09_爬虫入门实战2_动态数据提取/003_源码实现_异步.py

python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Author  : relakkes@gmail.com
# @Name    : 程序员阿江-Relakkes
# @Time    : 2024/4/7 17:08
# @Desc    : https://finance.yahoo.com/crypto页面的加密货币表格数据
# @Desc    : 下面的代码请挂全局的科学上网工具再跑
import csv
import random
import asyncio
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Any

import aiofiles
import httpx

from common import SymbolContent, make_req_params_and_headers

HOST = "https://query1.finance.yahoo.com"
SYMBOL_QUERY_API_URI = "/v1/finance/screener"
PAGE_SIZE = 100  # 可选配置（25, 50, 100）

def parse_symbol_content(quote_item: Dict) -> SymbolContent:
    """
    数据提取
    :param quote_item:
    :return:
    """
    symbol_content = SymbolContent()
    symbol_content.symbol = quote_item["symbol"]
    symbol_content.name = quote_item["shortName"]
    symbol_content.price = quote_item["regularMarketPrice"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.change_price = quote_item["regularMarketChange"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.change_percent = quote_item["regularMarketChangePercent"]["fmt"]
    symbol_content.market_price = quote_item["marketCap"]["fmt"]
    return symbol_content

async def fetch_currency_data_list(max_total_count: int) -> List[SymbolContent]:
    """
    :param max_total_count:
    :return:
    """
    symbol_data_list: List[SymbolContent] = []
    page_start = 0
    while page_start <= max_total_count:
        response_dict: Dict = await send_request(page_start=page_start, page_size=PAGE_SIZE)
        for quote in response_dict["finance"]["result"][0]["quotes"]:
            parsed_content: SymbolContent = parse_symbol_content(quote)
            print(parsed_content)
            symbol_data_list.append(parsed_content)
        page_start += PAGE_SIZE
        await asyncio.sleep(random.random())
    return symbol_data_list

async def send_request(page_start: int, page_size: int) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """
    公共的发送请求的函数
    :param page_start: 分页起始位置
    :param page_size: 每一页的长度
    :return:
    """
    print(f"[send_request] page_start:{page_start}")
    req_url = HOST + SYMBOL_QUERY_API_URI
    common_params, headers, common_payload_data = make_req_params_and_headers()
    # 修改分页变动参数
    common_payload_data["offset"] = page_start
    common_payload_data["size"] = page_size

    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
        response = await client.post(url=req_url, params=common_params, json=common_payload_data, headers=headers, timeout=30)
    if response.status_code != 200:
        raise Exception("发起请求是发生异常，请求发生错误，原因:", response.text)
    try:
        response_dict: Dict = response.json()
        return response_dict
    except Exception as e:
        raise e

async def get_max_total_count() -> int:
    """
    获取所有币种总数量
    :return:
    """
    print("开始获取最大的币种数量")
    try:
        response_dict: Dict = await send_request(page_start=0, page_size=PAGE_SIZE)
        total_num: int = response_dict["finance"]["result"][0]["total"]
        print(f"获取到 {total_num} 种币种")
        return total_num
    except Exception as e:
        print("错误信息：", e)
        return 0

async def save_data_to_csv(save_file_name: str, currency_data_list: List[SymbolContent]) -> None:
    """
    保存数据存储到CSV文件中
    :param save_file_name: 保存的文件名
    :param currency_data_list:
    :return:
    """
    async with aiofiles.open(save_file_name, mode='w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        writer = csv.writer(file)
        # 写入标题行
        await writer.writerow(SymbolContent.get_fields())
        
        # 遍历数据列表，并将每个币种的名称写入CSV
        for symbol in currency_data_list:
            await writer.writerow([symbol.symbol, symbol.name, symbol.price, symbol.change_price, symbol.change_percent,
                             symbol.market_price])

async def run_crawler(save_file_name: str) -> None:
    """
    爬虫主流程
    :param save_file_name:
    :return:
    """
    # step1 获取最大数据总量
    max_total: int = await get_max_total_count()
    # step2 遍历每一夜数据并解析存储到数据容器中
    data_list: List[SymbolContent] = await fetch_currency_data_list(max_total)
    # step3 将数据容器中的数据保存csv
    await save_data_to_csv(save_file_name, data_list)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    timestamp = int(time.time())
    save_csv_file_name = f"symbol_data_{timestamp}.csv"
    asyncio.run(run_crawler(save_csv_file_name))

源代码地址

09_爬虫入门实战2_动态数据提取 - 章节源代码地址

爬虫入门实战2：动态数据提取 ​

什么是动态网页 ​

动态网页工作原理 ​

爬取动态网页需要的技术 ​

实战示例1：爬取雅虎财经网站的数字加密货币数据 ​

任务需求描述 ​

技术可行性分析 ​

如何找到动态数据请求的API ​

请求参数和响应数据分析 ​

如何提取我们要的目标数据 ​

简易流程图 ​

代码实现 ​

依赖库安装 ​

requests版本 ​

httpx + aiofiles版本 ​

源代码地址 ​

爬虫入门实战2：动态数据提取

什么是动态网页

动态网页工作原理

爬取动态网页需要的技术

实战示例1：爬取雅虎财经网站的数字加密货币数据

任务需求描述

技术可行性分析

如何找到动态数据请求的API

请求参数和响应数据分析

如何提取我们要的目标数据

简易流程图

代码实现

依赖库安装

requests版本

httpx + aiofiles版本

源代码地址